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KORISNO WIKI :// What "Manga" stands for? Our boring encyclopedia

Manga (Japanese:??, such as: casual, boisterous picture) is the Japanese word for comics.

Similar to the Western concept of manga comic is also rather fuzzy in its meaning and includes both static picture stories, short comic strips and cartoons, for example, with a cartoon. In order to distinguish them better from comics in book form can for Japanese cartoons, but has established worldwide, the use of specialized word Anime. As a majority of manganese is in German, both the "manga" and "the manga" normal. In Japan, the term "manga" on an equal footing with "comic" (????komikku) for all types of comics, used regardless of their origin. In contrast to the Japanese Manga comics are known as manhwa from South Korea and comics from the Chinese space as Manhua. In the West we usually only initially described with manga comics from Japan, but now the term is mainly used by comic book publishers increasingly for comics from other countries that focus on Japanese-style productions. International will be discussed, especially in fan circles, however, whether any works may be non-Japanese artist known as "manga". While the English-speaking world for English-speaking artists of comics drawn in a manga style by now, the term "original English-language manga" (or "OEL manga") has naturalized in the German has been enforced, no uniform expression.

Many modern manga are more than picture-heavy on text. They are located primarily in black and white and are in line with the traditional Japanese reading of "read back" to "front" and from right to left. For an overview of characteristic visual and plot elements, see the style elements of manga and anime.

The oldest known forerunner of the Japanese comic art are drawings and cartoons from the early 8th Century, which were discovered in 1935 during restoration work on H?ry? Temple in Nara on the back of ceiling beams. Buddhist monks have started early, illustrated stories draw on paper rolls. The best known of these works is the first of four Ch?j?giga (????, bird and animal caricatures) of the monk Toba Sojo (1053-1140): This is a satire in which animals behave like monks [3]. In the 13th Century, people began to decorate temple walls with drawings of animals and of life after death. This form has been in the 16 Century transferred to woodcuts, while also drawing from everyday life to erotic pictures were added.

Double side band, four of the Hokusai Manga - people and animals while swimming (1816) From the late 17th Century emerged called ukiyo-e woodblock images that had the carefree life of sexual exploits to the content and found quickly mass distribution. The concept of manga is its real author is unknown, was made popular by the ukiyo-e master Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849). The Hokusai Manga are sketches that were published in 15 volumes, and do not tell a coherent story, but represent snapshots of Japanese society and culture during the late Edo period (1603-1868). In the early 18th Century created the directory named after the monk Toba Sojo, called Toba-e: books in which were black and white woodcut prints with Integrated Text ongoing stories and were mainly satirical or funny content. In the 19th Century, Toba-e is the most popular reading material in Japan.

After completion of the closure of Japan and the increasing openness to the outside won in the second half of the 19th Century, the Western publishing industry influence. In addition to new, improved printing techniques, they took their inspiration from the style of European cartoons that contributed to its prevalence in Japan, the satirical magazine The Japan Punch (1862-1887, founded by Charles Wirgman) and Toba (from 1887, founded by Georges Bigot), and from the emerging in the U.S. comic strips by artists like Richard Outcault and Rudolph Dirks. As the first precursor of manganese in today's meaning in 1902 subscribed by Rakuten Kitazawa (1876-1955) history, and Tagosakus Mokube is visiting Tokyo. Kitazawa, who made the term "manga" in its modern popular meaning, also founded 1905 the satirical magazine Tokyo Puck - named after the British (later American) satirical magazine Puck [4] - and in 1932 the first Japanese school for cartoonists. Despite increasing attempts by the Japanese government restrictions could keep such graphic materials in Japan until World War II. During World War II initiated the Japanese government after the dissolution of many groups of manga artist 1940, the state umbrella organization, Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyokai (Association of New manga artist in Japan "), and manganese were deliberately used as war propaganda.

Soon after the war were founded many new small publishers. The most influential pioneers of modern manga, the doctor was Osamu Tezuka (1928-1989), who worked alongside as a draftsman for one of these small publishers. Influenced by the style of the early Disney cartoons, and from French and German Expressionist films, he gave in the early 1950s on his career and not only developed the foundations of today's manga-style, but also the basis for the modern anime industry. One of his most famous works is the world Tetsuwan Atomu (English Astro Boy), in German-speaking but he is better known for his television series Kimba the White Lion. Of the Japanese fans Tezuka received the honorary title for his achievements Manga no Kamisama (God of Manga awarded).

Have evolved with time at various sub-manga for almost every target group, for example, divided by age (from toddlers up to Silver Manga Manga for the Elderly), sexual orientation (eg, Hentai, Yuri and Yaoi), hobbies or disciplines (eg Jidaigeki to) deal with Japanese history. In manga for young people distinguish between subjects for girls (Sh?jo) and for boys (Sh?nen), in manga for adults between subjects for Women (Josei) and men (His). The transition is often blurred. These distinctions were made outside of Japan, although less sharply. Parallel to the main commercial market for manga produced developed shortly after World War II so-called alternative manga for which the artist Yoshihiro Tatsumi coined in the late 1950s the concept Gekiga. This independent movement, which was directed more to an adult audience, enabling artists in comparison to the prevailing trends with greater freedom in expression and style. But when the big manga publishers began with the publication of alternative magazines and Gekiga series such as Golgo 13 is developed into new trendsetters in the commercial sector, which went Gekiga movement largely in the "mainstream manga.

As D?jinshi or d?jin is known by fans subscribed unofficial sequels or alternative histories to known anime or manga or games. In Japan, they are often published by small publishers, or in specialized individual initiative. The twice a year held in Tokyo Comic Market (aka Comiket ") is not only the largest d?jin Fair in Japan, but with over 40,000 exhibitors and over 450,000 visitors, even the largest comic event in the world. In the autumn of 2000, manga and anime, the Japanese government officially recognized as a separate, eligible art form.

In Japan, the best known and most widely manga figure in 1969 resulting blue robot cat Doraemon. Manga drawings are also beyond the pure storytelling wide application, such as cook books, manuals or instructions.

Since 1997, the number has risen to Manga Kissa strong in Japan. These are compounds in coffee and Manga Library, offering next manga to read on the spot, many amenities.

Among the most important prizes awarded in the manga field include the oldest award of the same name, launched Verlag 1956 Shogakukan Manga Award for best manga and awarded since 1977 Kodansha Manga Award and since 1997 by the newspaper Asahi Shimbun awarded annually in four categories Osamu Tezuka Culture Award for outstanding draftsman and persons or institutions who have rendered special services to manga.

Comparable to American comic adaptations are available in the Japanese film industry since the turn of the century increasing efforts to implement, as a real Manga movies or series; Examples include touch, Ichi the Killer, Oldboy, or Uzumaki. More and more Japanese directors have grown up with manga, and progress of effects technology now enables the adaptation of even the most complex scenes. In addition, can be achieved without major promotional effort for the implementation of a manga fans of the original work [5]. Among the most successful live action films of manganese in recent years include the TV series Great Teacher Onizuka (1998), whose final episode, the highest ever achieved ratings of a series finale was on Japanese television, and film to Nana (2005), with the box office results came of the equivalent of approximately 29 million euros at position 5 of the most successful Japanese films this year. With Death Note (2006) implementation is a manga first designed from the outset as a two-part movie version.

Manga is one of the main pillars of Japan's publishing industry. In 2002, they accounted for 38.1% of all printed matter in Japan, of which nearly 28% of manga magazines, and nearly 11% on paperbacks accounted manga (comics in Germany include only about 3% of all printed matter). Statistically, one per year, 15 Japanese Manga (Germany buys: 0.25 Comics per capita per year). The sales figures show is currently a new trend: whereas in 2004 the total income of manga magazines (still at about 255 billion yen and manga paperbacks at about 250 billion yen at that time together some 3.7 billion euros) were [ 6], decreased in 2005, the revenues for manga magazines by 5% to 242.1 billion yen (and were only about 70% of revenue in 1995), while revenues in manga paperbacks, at 4, 2% to 260.2 billion yen, increased [7]. 2005 was also the first year in the Japanese publishing history, in which were the total revenues earned by manga paperbacks higher than that of manga magazines.

The total circulation of all the manga (magazines and paperback) in 2004 was in Japan, 1.38 billion copies, which meant a decrease from the previous year by 3.5%. For those taking place since the peak of the manga boom mid-1990s, reducing the market including the decline in birth rates in Japan will be held accountable especially since the early 1980s. The total circulation of manga magazines was 2005 compared to the previous year, averaging just 7%. Weekly Shonen Jump, the most successful magazine that experienced in 2005 with nearly three million copies sold per week declined by "only" 1.4% compared to 2004, the mid-1990s had been sold by the magazine, however, still six million copies per week. While the average manga series, for example, in 1997 came with an initial print run from 300,000 to 500,000 copies per volume in the trade, can achieve the most successful single volumes first editions in the millions. Currently holds the record for Volume 27 of the series One Piece: But from the first edition of which appeared in February 2003 sold 2.63 million copies.

Authors of manga are called mangaka. There are several ways in Japan to become a mangaka, for example, by a victory in a drawing competition, or by a successful application for a publishing house. In general, it starts as an assistant for "beginner work" in the designer team of an already successful manga artist. Over time, you can work your way within the team and possibly get the chance to separate manga projects. It is estimated that tens of thousands of characters ever in Japan wizard, from which most of the absence of opportunities for advancement, however, after a relatively short period of time exiting. Also, most of the approximately 3,000 full-time Japanese mangaka can not alone make a living by drawing contest and have to rely on secondary activities or financial support. Only about 300 artists to live exclusively on drawing manga - as a particularly well-known mangaka with a long-running manga series and great teams.

Manga, according to Andreas Platthaus in the West take the glory for himself claim Comics (previously more focused on the interests of male readers) were first becoming too popular among girls and young women made. [10] In Japan itself, this is nothing unusual because there at least since the 1970s-years, manganese are produced specifically for women. Especially in German speaking countries but now it has even led to the worldwide unique impact that manga are mostly consumed by female readers.

The first in the U.S. published manga was Barefoot Gen, which was published in 1978 by a group operating in San Francisco and Tokyo Fan Translation group private, but after a short time set. Wider distribution soon found out two short stories by Shinobu Kaze: His ten-page History of Violence Becomes Tranquility released in March 1980 in the comic magazine "Heavy Metal" and the six-story Heart And Steel in February 1982 in the magazine "epic". In December 1982 Educomics attempted to Barefoot Gen titled I Saw It re-publish. In edited by Art Spiegelman avant-garde magazine, RAW was published in May 1985 several short stories by artists of the Japanese magazine Garo. As of May 1987 was published by First Comics, the manga series Lone Wolf & Cub, the first volumes due to increased sales success had to be reprinted after a short time. That same year brought out Eclipse Comics, the manga series Kamui, Mai the Psychic Girl "and" Area 88 appears as a bi-weekly comic books. In 1988, Marvel Comics came with the release of Akira, one of the pioneers of the global manga and anime has spread. The first manga in the U.S. were to match the rest of the comic book format publications on albums enlarged and flipped on Western has been reading. In this phase, most manga characters were, therefore, apparently left-handed, and Japanese characters on signs and posters were printed to front. [11] As the first original Japanese manga series in reading order in the U.S. may have appeared as early as 1989 Panorama of Hell at Blast Books [ 12], but only the publishing house brought Tokyopop manga series from 2002 consistently out which side. In 2005 the turnover of the North American manga market, about 125 to 145 million euros [13], and among the 100 best-selling comic books in the U.S. were 80 manga volumes [14].

The first manga published in Europe from late 1969 to late 1971, more chapters in a French sports magazine battle. The first manga published in Spanish, the Gekiga-short story "Good-Bye by Yoshihiro Tatsumi in 1980 was in issue No. 5 of the underground comic magazine" El Vibora, "the magazine published over the next few years, other stories of this artist. The first manga series was published in Spanish from 1984 Candy Candy Corazon. 1990 Glenat began with the French publication of Akira. The manganese content in the French comic market rose from 10% in 2001 [15] to 22% in 2006 [16]. The manga market in the UK developed later than in most other European countries. While in 2001 some 100,000 volumes of manga have been sold with a total turnover of the equivalent of 2 million euro, in 2005 there were nearly 600,000 manga volumes with a total turnover of the equivalent of 7.6 million euros. Most manga in the UK are imported from the U.S., the UK's first manga publishing house was founded in August 2005.

The manga was first published in Germany, the individual volumes Barefoot Gen - A pictorial history against the war from Keiji Nakazawa (Rowohlt Verlag, 1982; longer version from Carlsen Verlag 2004), Heine in Japan by Keiko Ogata (Verlag der Goethe-action Dusseldorf 1988) [ 18] and Japan Ltd. from Shotaro Ishinomori (Publisher Norman Rentrop 1989), and a chapter of the series Kozure ?kami under the title The wolf and its young in the comics anthology "Macao" (Borchert & Querengasser 1989; longer version from Carlsen Verlag 1996 -1997, full version of Planet Manga since 2003). While in other European countries like Italy and Spain since the mid-1980s, a rapidly-increasing manga-formed market, established the genre in Germany permanently until the 1990s. The first full series was published in German in 1991 Akira, and manganese were first on the American and French model mirrored on "Western" reading on albums picture enlarged and spread over more volumes. The first afforded in reading German original Japanese release, the three-volume series of Genji Asakiyumemishi, appeared in 1992 in Okawa-Verlag, the final breakthrough for which side of manga, however, only came in late 1996 with the series of Dragonball Carlsen Verlag.

Meanwhile, only appear in the main German manga publisher Carlsen Comics, Egmont Manga and Anime (EMA), Tokyopop, Planet Manga (Panini Comics Manga-label) and Heyne each year over 800 manga books. Published At Carlsen-Verlag is also the monthly manga magazine Daisuki. Not all German manga projects are successful: for example, had the manga magazines and Manga Manga Power Twister EMA due to insufficient sales and BANZAI! recruited by Carlsen because of licensing problems again.

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